Political unrest is a societal phenomenon marked by protests and strikes aimed at changing policy. It can result in violence. It is triggered by a wide range of factors including economic inequality, corruption and authoritarian rule. It can also be exacerbated by the spread of false narratives and conspiracy theories on social media. These can stoke feelings of injustice and scapegoating, leading to racial or ideological conflict, xenophobia and civil unrest. In addition, political repression can amplify feelings of alienation and encourage extremism.
Economic inequality is a significant driver of political unrest, as it undermines people’s quality of life and their faith in government institutions. Inequality is often the root cause of other triggers such as climate change, which impacts livelihoods through food shortages and rising competition for dwindling resources, or by triggering migration and displacement. It can also lead to social tensions and identity politics, with populists exploiting perceived grievances to mobilise support.
Corruption and political oppression can erode the legitimacy of state institutions, prompting citizens to demand transparency and accountability. Those seeking a return to democracy may engage in civil disobedience, with protests and riots. Riots are generally based on frustration and a sense of injustice, and can escalate into more violent confrontations as participants become more angry and frustrated. Movements advocating for racial and social justice are mostly peaceful, but can spark wider civil unrest when their aims are met with brutal repression by the authorities.